Summary Of Ida B. Wells-Barnetts Southern Horrors

Ida B. Wells-Barnett’s Southern Horrors was published with the intention of bringing awareness to the injustice of Southern lynching and exposing its true purpose. With the Confederate Army’s defeat and the reunification of the United States at the end of the Civil War, thousands of previously enslaved African-Americans suddenly found themselves freed from their owners. This newfound freedom however, was not nearly at the same level as whites and other minorities. Especially in the south, many former slaves were subjected to cruel treatment and a lack of opportunities. â€Å"The South resented giving the Afro-American his freedom, the ballot box and the Civil Rights Law.† Many former slaves were threatened with violence if they did not stay†¦show more content†¦II. During the late Nineteenth Century, The Free Speech was one of the only journals in the country that spoke directly to African-Americans. As an author for this journal, Wells-Barnett sought to enlighten the public with information that was rarely published in other newspapers. In the event that knowledge of these lynchings were made public, they rarely contained accurate information. This journal was without a doubt a nuisance to the southern white press, who sought to discredit African-Americans in order to keep them out of political matters. The Free Speech went too far in a publication written for the May 21st, 1892 paper. The article describes the lynching of eight men since the previous publication. The deaths and crimes are described and doubt is expressed that most of the individuals were actually guilty. The spark that led to Wells-Barnett’s attempted lynching is found at the end of the article. â€Å"Nobody in this section of the country believes the old thread-bare lie that Negro men rape white women. If Southern white men are not careful, they will overreach themselves and public sentiment will have a reaction, a conclusion will then be reached whi ch will be very damaging to the moral reputation of their women.† With the publishing of this article, local whites became enraged and took this as a direct threat to their â€Å"authority† over African-Americans. Local newspapers such as The Daily Commercial wrote follow up articles testifying to the

I am Proud of My Views on Chrisitanity - 1774 Words

Religion is a topic that is generally something everyone shy’s away from speaking about. We all have that notion that you should never ask someone what their religion is and never to yourself openly speak on it. However it should be something to be proud of, something that you openly feel free to express upon and feel open to call upon your God in times of trouble and sorrow no matter where you may be. In this paper I will be shedding light on my views of Religion, God, Evil and a few other topics to help enable you to see my views on the subject. Many are asked what is your picture of God? Where does he originate from to you? In part, I could say he is truly all around us for he is found in every piece of everything we are, have, see and do. For if it were not for him there would be no nature, no land to build upon therefor no buildings to build and of course no people to inhabit those buildings. But he is of course in the skies above as well watching over us and all tha t we do. While he watches us he can also be found inside every one of us for we are a piece of him. God is able to guide our lives weather we chose to follow him or not he plays a hand in all that we do. Many think that in order to be religious you have to identify with a specific denomination and devout yourself one hundred percent to them. I personally do not feel that this is the case as do many others in the world. Although I associate myself with Christianity, I feel that you can commit

Tuesdays with Morrie Book review Free Essays

Memoir is an Inspirational memoir, by Mitch Album. It is a well- written novel which is mainly concerned with the rejection of the popular culture. If you enjoy nonfiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuesdays with Morrie Book review or any similar topic only for you Order Now And life-lesson giving themes, then you should read this book. Album included himself into the story as Mitch, Morris’s old student. The novel is expressed from Album’s own point of view of his character In the novel. This has many influences on the novel, and is more controllable for him. Eve chosen this novel due to the fact that I read it for summer reading, and this novel really gave me arioso thoughts and tons of inspiration, Album frequently used symbolism throughout his novel. Album uses a pink hibiscus life representing Morris’s life. Since the first day, the plant’s life started fading and so did Morris’s. Memoir stated throughout the book â€Å"when you’re in bed you’re dead,† (131) so he always preferred to stay in his chair. When Morris’s last days come closer he decides to stay in his bed due to Immobility and other ALLS causes. Memoir eventually lived his last day on his bed on the Last Tuesday. Another example of symbolism used by Album is the media. The media was referred to as an evil dictator throughout the book. It also caused Match’s state of mind before he met Memoir; Mitch was so much of a workaholic that the only thing on his mind was the money. The novel is basically emphasizing that the society. Media, and pop-culture do not contribute anything to the people. The novel had a very sentimental meaning to Album. Album, who is â€Å"Mitch† in the novel, visits his old professor Memoir, who suffers from ALLS (Metamorphic Lateral Sclerosis). They meet every Tuesday as his disease starts and continues to progress. Album, as I mentioned earlier, included himself as a character in his novel with his first name, Mitch. Memoir was Match’s old sociology professor at his time In college. Mitch just supported and helped Memoir with everything and anything. Morris’s goal was to make Mitch cry and inspire him at some point, which he eventually did. Memoir wanted to attach Mitch to the world again, due to Match’s detachment blaming it to society. Mitch and Memoir were both my favorite characters, there Is no In-between. They both inspired me in some type of way. The antagonist was the ALLS disease, which in real life Memoir had to go through. I have participated In a camp experience located in Counterpoint, Texas. At this amazing place, kids/adults of all ages and sizes come and go. This Is the place where they have the mum of their lives, not a drop of sadness is present. I took care of an 8-year old who suffered from Ret Syndrome. I was her companion for a week and my life changed the instant I met her. I do not and will not ever take anything in life for granted. This book has now become #1 on my list of favorites. My favorite scene was every single Tuesday. Mitch and Memoir always had did something that lights up every reader. There are no least favorite parts in this memoir, I admire Album. I would totally recommend this book to anyone who asks me a recommendation. Any type of person would like his book, no matter the genre the reader personally reads. Album basically wrote what I feel, and how I changed after my experience. I t Off change my perspective, he can change anyone’s. Album couldn’t have done better when writing this momentous material. Memoir has changed many hearts, and has inspired numerous amounts of people. Society today is best described in the book, as evil. Mitch and Memoir are my inspiration, and I hope they continue to grow more love under everyone’s hearts’. How to cite Tuesdays with Morrie Book review, Papers

Provides Arguments Shows That Personality †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Do Intelligence And Personality Explain Achievement In Work? Answer: Introducation Intelligence refers to the ability of an individual to understand and simplify complex ideas, to obtain knowledge and learn from past events, make reasonable judgements and to overcome several life challenges through thinking (Legg Hutter, 2007). Intelligence manifests itself in several ways in the human life span that includes ability to acquire knowledge and apply the same in reasoning logically, mental alertness as well as ability to make adjustments in new and challenging situations. Intelligence is based on emotion, growth and emotion, which are the main concepts that provide broader definition unlike in situations where individuals give partial explanations by failing to include these three basic concepts. Life experiences and past influences have a greater hand in the development of the intelligence, whereby, it is observed in in instances where individuals solves their future problems (Furnham, 2008). Personality Personality refers to the individuals behaviour and reactions to various situations that they encounter. The personality of a person dictates their behaviour, and current as well as the future relationship with other colleagues in the work place (Higgins et al. 2007). Team building is always one of the major personality results since it ensures the smooth running of the organizations activities. Examples of the personality types include the social, action-oriented and supportive personalities among others. Achievement Achievement in work place refers to the attainment of goals through mutual contributions of individuals. Every organization sets their own goals, and when these goals are met, the company employees view it as an achievement. Also, promotion of individual employees from one level to another within the organization, ability to come up with new ideas and learning new things are part of the achievements in work place. Not all the workers or employees value achievements. This variation in perspective of achievements forms the bases for the employee contribution at work. Those employees who value achievement will work hard to meet the goals set be recognized, while those who does not value will never mind, and their productivity will just be at average. Personality and Work A collection of different personality types working in a common environment will ensure successful operation of an organisation. All of the members play critical roles necessary for the growth and development of the company. Social people create a conducive environment, where individuals express their ideas and complaints without fear, which is crucial for the development and general growth and performance of the organisation. The supportive people provide necessary assistance to the rest of the colleagues and are dependable. These individuals ensure that there are minimal conflicts that are detrimental to the progress. A collection of all these personalities will suppress their weaknesses and at the same time, capitalises on their strengths to provide quality services and achieve success. With good personality, there is good communication across the entire working force which will reduce confusion. Personality ensures that the workers respond positively when approached, and the dire ctor or the supervisors offer instructions through proper channels and in an appropriate manner. Choice of words during communication process with all the organizations staff will ensure that there is efficiency, no victimization due to complaints raised by the employees, and that flow of valuable information necessary for growth. Personal tests improve the output of the employees which is seen in their ability to perform quality work. With human resource management and senior staff having a good personality, good employees will be assigned to departments and roles that suit them best. According Freuds psychoanalytic theory, the personality of an individual develops following series of stages that are usually influenced by internal psychological conflicts. It argues that the id, ego, and superego are the major parts that control the human behaviour. The unconscious psychological conflicts shape the behaviour, as well as the personality and the process undergoes five psychosexual stages. The ability of human beings to balance the three given structures will determine their personality (Hjelle, Ziegler, 1992). How individual balance the desires of ego, id and superego determine the conflict resolution approaches they will possibly utilize. The Id structure will require an individual to take an immediate action without reasoning whether that action is right or wrong. This section is the most primitive part, and it is entirely unconscious. The superego takes care of the social morals and rules. It is the conscious part of the personality where the right or wrong balan cing of decisions is made. The ego section is the rational part of the human personality, and is also less primitive. It balances the needs of both, the Id and superego since it has two characteristics, that is, partly unconscious and partly conscious. The balance of these three characteristic traits will ensure mutual cooperation of individual since they have better understanding of each other. Interaction of people with good personalities enables them to share ideas and have a better understanding of individuals contributions. The good interpersonal relationship created by all the members ensures effectiveness and smooth running of the operations of the work place. Also, this interaction builds teamwork, reducing clashes while working which is always the cause of inefficiency. This will eventually lead to achievements of the goals set by the organization. Intelligence and Work Intelligent people are known to be creative and vibrant with a pool of ideas (Furnham, 2008). These individuals though, are known to be slow in delivering their conclusions. The reason to this is that they always want to produce quality ideas through a conceptual combination of thoughts. Their result ideas and findings are always noble and with lasting solutions to problems at hand. Intelligent individuals at work place provide combinations of ideas that suit the current process, enabling the management to spend less. These creative individuals will help the organization or company to achieve success by offering quality products and services to clients. According to Triarchic theory, intelligence is the mental activity that seeks to shape and develop an individual to adapt the surrounding environment (Sternberg, 1997). He views the intelligence that humans possess as talents. According to his studies, intelligence is a composition of three factors: Experiential intelligence- this refers to the ability of an individual to solve problems by generating new ideas and solutions. Creative intelligence- it is the ability and capacity of an individual to solve current problems utilizing the skills gained in the past as well as the current experiences. Practical or the contextual intelligence- defines the ability of an individual to cope with the dynamics of the situations. Therefore, according to the Triarchic theory, intelligent individuals will be creative, problem solvers and with capacity to cope with the changing trends of the current technology. Therefore it can be concluded that intelligence dictates performance of the employees in the work place. A healthy diet contributes to intelligence in human, and specifically the nutrient lutein (Van Hooren et al. 2007). The nutrients improve the ones ability to utilise the acquired knowledge and skills. With the ageing individuals, one may tend to forget what happened in their lives previously, and therefore dealing with the current challenges or problems similar to what had happened may seem difficult. Keeping healthy through eating food rich in nutrients will boost and preserve the crystallized intelligence in individuals. The accumulation of lutein nutrient in the grey matter of an individual ensures that there is a healthy brain function during the entire life span, despite the old age. According to Gottfredson Deary (2004), there exists a direct relationship between the amount of accumulation of the grey matter and the crystallized intelligence. Healthy diet makes individuals to keep this crystallized intelligence which helps boost the performance of an individual at work place, which directly corresponds to performance. Contrary to the above arguments, that personality and intelligence define achievement in the work place, both of these traits may not exactly define achievement due to the fact that; Personality is affected by several factors that include culture, environment, adaptations, and evolution characteristics among others which will contribute to changes or stability of personality. The productivity of the individuals is not directly dependent on their personality or personalities of the rest of the staff members. Maturity, and better organization of employees will bring success. Temperament, a major constituent and contributor to personality observed at early childhood can also be observed at the later age of over 20 years (Wilks, 2009). Consistency is observed which proves that there exist some links, thus the presence of stability in personality traits throughout the lifespan of an individual. Personality is largely linked to traits other than the environmental factors that may cause influence to personality. The stability nature of the personality will mean that individuals will always remain with similar characteristics and nature, which is not conducive for the de velopment and growth of the organization. Individuals should instead, be flexible to the changes in the internal and external environment for them to make achievements. Therefore, personality may contribute less to the achievements in work place. Also, Intelligence changes with time (age). According to (Wicherts et al. 2004), the intelligence of a person increases steadily for the first 20 years, which is the peak, before falling for the entire lifetime. This is the fluid intelligence which is associated with ones ability to recall past events and thinking as well as responding quickly. If this theory holds, then intelligence will not directly represent achievement in work, since most of the individuals working will have a falling graph of intelligence growth. The statement places other factors, apart from intelligence as contributors to achievements. Conclusion Personality and intelligence boost the overall performance in the work place, which will mean better achievements. The manner in which a person generates ideas, and putting them into action will depend on their level of intelligence. Personality, on the other hand, dictates how the individual will relate with other participants in the organization. The individuals with good personality will collaborate with others and always shares ideas with the rest of the members. Emotional intelligence has a greater impact on how the personality of an individual will be reflected. Personality has always been regarded as an inborn; the emotional intelligence helps individuals in recognising their behaviours, and to be able to manage them with regards to various situations. The social personality will ensure that there is a good interpersonal relationship, while intelligence, on the other hand, ensures that individuals display good morals and behaviour that will ensure high productivity in work pla ce. This will result to proper work-flow that will ensure complex task completion on time with minimum disruption. References Ashton, M. C. (1998). Personality and job performance: The importance of narrow traits. Journal of Organizational behavior, 289-303. Furnham, A. (2008). Personality and intelligence at work: Exploring and explaining individual differences at work. Routledge. Higgins, D. M., Peterson, J. B., Pihl, R. O., Lee, A. G. (2007). Prefrontal cognitive ability, intelligence, Big Five personality, and the prediction of advanced academic and workplace performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 93(2), 298. Hjelle, L. A., Ziegler, D. J. (1992). Personality theories: Basic assumptions, research, and applications. McGraw-Hill Humanities, Social Sciences World Languages. Huang, J., Palmer, A., Ryan, A., Zabel, K. (2013). Personality and Adaptive Performance at Work: A Meta-Analytic Investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 162-179. G Bazana, P M Stelmack, R. (2004). Stability of Personality Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis. On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman. 113-144. 10.1016/B978-008044209-9/50009-9. Gottfredson, L. S., Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-4. Legg, S., Hutter, M. (2007). A collection of definitions of intelligence. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and applications, 157, 17. Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological bulletin, 132(1), 1. Spearman, C. (1904). "General intelligence," objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology 15, 201-293. Specht, J., Egloff, B., Schmukle, S. C. (2011). Stability and change of personality across the life course: the impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. Journal of personality and social psychology, 101(4), 862. Srivastava, S., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J. (2003). Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change?. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(5), 1041. Sternberg, R. J. (1997). The triarchic theory of intelligence. Guilford Press. Van Hooren, S. A. H., Valentijn, A. M., Bosma, H., Ponds, R. W. H. M., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Jolles, J. (2007). Cognitive functioning in healthy older adults aged 6481: a cohort study into the effects of age, sex, and education. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14(1), 40-54. Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Hessen, D. J., Oosterveld, P., Van Baal, G. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., Span, M. M. (2004). Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence, 32(5), 509-537. Wilks, L. (2009). The stability of personality over time as a function of personality trait dominance. Griffith University Undergraduate Psychology Journal, 1.

What is Judaism according to Heschel Essay Example Essay Example

What is Judaism according to Heschel Essay Example Paper What is Judaism according to Heschel Essay Introduction According to Rabbi Heschel Judaism was that whenever somebody mentioned the name Judaism, it was like taking about either somebody citing a poem, God the father or someone who lived a spiritual life. Since many people believed that without God everything is impossible, Heschel tried to come out clearly that people need to be strong in faith despite all the difficulties they are going through. He also stressed out that everyone should be able to live peacefully with each other by forgiving one another whenever there is a problem between them. (Merkel, 1985, p.2) (Heschel, 1985).The word of God was for everyone no matter what they do, where they come from or whatever language they speak. One way of making people understands the word of God was to write and come out clearly about religious teachings. They were also being taught how to live in harmony and how to confess to one another whenever there is a problem among them. (Merkel, 1985, p. 3) (Heschel, 1985).According to Heschel, Torah ’s ways of giving out ideas or explanations about Judaism was like a reflection of what has been happening in our daily lives as it was written in the bible. God the Father also appears as a very bright light to show people that they should believe and have faith in Him all the time. (Merkel, 1985, p. 4) (Heschel, 1985).Heschel join one of the spiritual congregations where he became more spiritual and strong in faith. This attracted very many people as it was a good example of a Jesus follower. It also made many people to listen, understand and believe in the word of God. (Merkel, 1985, p. 5) (Heschel, 1985).Rabbi was so much into Christianity that he could not have time to come together with other people in his congregation. This made the people of his congregation to say that he was over doing the work of Christianity. He also tried to make people have peace, love, and unity and go as far celebrating mass as a sign of commitment to God. . (Merkel, 1985, p. 6) (Heschel, 1985 ).Everyone was to understand the word of God in the right way and apply in their daily life. This was made to encourage the weak people who were not strong in faith to be able to participate in duties that strengthen their faith. The difficulties that the people of Israel experience on Mount Sinai were a big challenge for them in their life. This is because from there is when man had really believed that God do exist. (Merkel, 1985, p. 7) (Heschel, 1985).He brought the image of God as he appears to Moses on Mount Sinai. This is when Moses’ people had no faith in God and started worshipping other gods. God became angry and appeared to Moses and gave him the Ten Commandments that could guide and make his people believe and trust in God. The Ten Commandments were written so that everyone should believe that all the writings were truly from Jesus but not Moses. (Merkel, 1985, p. 8) (Heschel, 1985).Moses is also portrayed as good leader because he is seen leading his people from I srael to Misery as per instructions given by God. This is when God appeared to him as burning bush when he was looking after the cattle. By then they had no commandments to follow but they still believed in God as their creator and source of inspiration in their life. (Merkel, 1985, p. 9) (Heschel, 1985).As it is seen in the bible that by the time God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, his people had already lost their faith and started worshipping other gods. This made it very difficult for Moses to make all of them believe in the Ten Commandments given the God. It implies that not all Moses’ people accepted the Ten Commandments. That, s why there are always new laws every generation. (Merkel, 1985, p. 10) (Heschel, 1985).Though there were some people who disagreed with Moses as he gave them the Ten Commandments, majority believed on the Ten Commandments that made many generations that comes after them to accept and follow the Ten Commandments as it was meant to strengthen peo ple’s faith in their daily life. (Merkel, 1985, p. 11) (Heschel, 1985).People should be in a position to understand and believe in Jesus’ signs as it was written in the bible. They need to accept that even though they can’t see some of these things happening now, they had already happened before and their fore fathers believed in them. So it’s a big challenge to them to accept the reality of the past. (Merkel, 1985, p. 12) (Heschel, 1985).As it is written in the bible that when Jesus went to Cana and wine got finished during the wedding, He asked for water and turned it into wine for the people who were in the wedding. And also when there was a lot of wind when he was with James and John in a boat, He stopped the wind. These two signs show that God is always there for his people and He will always present in them wherever they go. (Merkel, 1985, p. 13) (Heschel, 1985).It is good to believe in what you understand best than to believe in what you donâ€℠¢t know. This only comes out when you really accept, believe and have faith in the scriptures of the bible. You should be able to relate the scriptures of the bible into your daily life and try to practice them in your life because this is only way to strengthened your faith. (Merkel, 1985, p. 14) (Heschel, 1985).Moses was one of the most prominent leaders that God used to show people the right way of life that will remain a remembrance in life to everyone. These are written in the bible so that everyone can understand whatever happened in the past during the reign of their fore fathers. (Merkel, 1985, p. 15) (Heschel, 1985).It is also important to preach or translate the scriptures of the bible according what was written rather than preaching the things which do not exist to people. This is because whatever is being taught now will remain as a history for the coming generations. They should understand that the scriptures of the bible are holy words from God the father but just a no rmal human being. (Merkel, 1985, p. 16) (Heschel, 1985).God communicated to his people through the scriptures by sending prophets to perform various signs. This can be seen as he ordered Abraham to sacrifice his only son, appearing to Moses as burning bush, saving his disciple from drowning during the strong wind and raising Larus from death after four days. All these events remain as a history to every generation that comes and it will always be there to guide them in their life. (Merkel, 1985, p. 17) (Heschel, 1985).The covenant between God and Moses on Mount Sinai was a sign of an agreement between the people of Israel and God. It made easier for the people of Israel to communicate to God and adored Him as their only savior. So for the people of Israel to communicate to God they had to understand the scripture, translate it and relate to their daily life. (Merkel, 1985, p. 18) (Heschel, 1985).The covenant made on Mount Sinai lead to various activities to be performed by man. This is where man had to obey the holy Sunday, do not kill, do not steal, obey their parents so that you can live longer, believe in God all the time and always standing firm to tell truth. Even the people of Israel went as far as fasting in order to strengthen their faith which remained as history to all the coming generations. (Merkel, 1985, p. 19) (Heschel, 1985).When Moses received the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai, it does not mean it was the end of everything that God had to give his people. It implies that the door was still open for more teachings in the future. This encourages people to believe and trust in God as their only comforter during the trial moments in their lives. (Merkel, 1985, p. 20) (Heschel, 1985).The bible was not written as book to be read but as scripture to guide people in their lives. It was supposed to be read, understand the meaning of the scriptures and translate and then preach the right words of God to the people. This would inspire many people to rea d the scriptures of the bible and know the reason why Jesus sacrificed to suffer on their behalf. (Merkel, 1985, p. 21) (Heschel, 1985).As seen that it is very easier for the people to live as God’s people when they both understand the bible very well. Therefore it is good to make people believe in Jesus as their only guidance in life. When you follow the right path that is God’s foot steps, you will find life interesting and encouraging no matter what difficulties you may be going through. It also makes man become a strong Christian which remains as an example to his forth coming generations. (Merkel, 1985, p. 22) (Heschel, 1985).Jesus loves the world so much that he bled and died for the human kind. So it is the work of the man to be able to follow God’s commandments in order to fulfill God’s promises. It does mean that God made it so difficult for the man not to enjoy life but to have good life both in the world and in heaven. That is why Jesus forbids man not to do some of the things in life. It is not a punishment but a lesson to prepare them for both life in the world and the kingdom of God. (Merkel, 1985, p. 23) (Heschel, 1985).Everyone should be able to carry his own cross when it comes to serving God because you will be judged according your own deeds but not on the behalf of someone else. Man must be able to know the scriptures of the bible so that it can able to apply it any time in his or her life. This will also help people to have time worship God because everyone is a position to read and interpret whatever information which is in the bible. (Merkel, 1985, p. 24) (Heschel, 1985).Conclusion:Judaism is all about the past events that happened during the reign of the prophets like Moses, Elijah and Abraham. These are the days when God used to communicate to man through prophets. The prophets could see God in visions, signs and symbols then go and communicate to the people according what they have seen in their visions or symbols they had received. They had to explain all the details of what God told them. So that is how man communicated to god in older days.Reference:Heschel, A. J. (1965). Between God and Man: An interpretation of Judaism.Free Press New York. ISBN- 13: 9780029145104.Merkle, J. C., ed. (1985) Abraham Joshua Heschel: Exploring His Life and Thought: Judaismas a Prism – Excavating Heschel’s Refracted Torah Eitan Freedenberg.London: Collier Macmillan. Available athttp://www.history.umd.edu/Faculty/BCooperman/Construction_Jewish_Knowledge/CJKhandout2006_files/Eitan%20Freedenberg%20-%20Heschel’s%20Prism.pdfAccessed on July 28, 2008. What is Judaism according to Heschel Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

USS Utah (BB-31) in World War II

USS Utah (BB-31) in World War II USS Utah  (BB-31) - Overview: Nation:  United States Type:  Battleship Shipyard:  New York Shipbuilding, Camden, NJ Laid Down:  March 9, 1909 Launched:  December 23, 1909 Commissioned:  August 31, 1911 Fate:  Sunk during the attack on Pearl Harbor USS Utah (BB-31) - Specifications Displacement:  23,033  tons Length:  521  ft., 8 in. Beam:  88  ft., 3 in. Draft:  28  ft., 3 in Propulsion:  Parsons steam turbines turning four propellers Speed:  21  knots Complement:  1,001  men​ Armament 10 Ãâ€" 12 in./45 cal.  guns16 Ãâ€" 5  in.  guns2 Ãâ€" 21 in. torpedo tubes​ ​USS Utah (BB-31) - Design: The third type of American dreadnought battleship after the preceding  - and  classes, the  Florida-class was an evolution of these designs.   As with its forerunners,  design of the new type was  significantly influenced  by war games  conducted  at the US Naval War College.   This  was due to the fact that  no dreadnought battleships were yet in use when naval architects began their work.   Close to the  Delaware-class in arrangement, the  new type  saw the US Navy  switch from  vertical triple expansion steam engines to new steam turbines.   This change led to a lengthening of the engine rooms, removal of the after boiler room, and widening of the  remainder.   The larger boiler rooms led to an enlargement in  the overall beam of the  vessels which improved their buoyancy and metacentric height. The  Florida-class retained the fully-enclosed conning towers employed on the  Delawares as their effectiveness had been demonstrated at engagements such as the  Battle of Tsushima.   Other aspects of the superstructure, such as the funnels and lattice masts, were altered to some degree  relative to the  earlier design.   Though designers initially desired  to arm  the ships with eight 14 guns, these weapons were not  sufficiently developed and  naval architects  instead decided to  mount ten 12 guns in five twin turrets.   Placement of the turrets followed that of the  Delaware-class and saw  two situated forward in a superfiring arrangement (one firing over the other) and three aft.   The after turrets were arranged with one in a superfiring position over the other two which were located back-to-back on  the deck.   As with the preceding  ships, this layout proved problematic in that turret  Number 3  could not fire astern if Number 4 was trained forward.   Sixteen 5 guns were arranged in individual casemates as a secondary armament. Approved  by Congress, the  Florida-class consisted of  two battleships: USS  Ã‚  (BB-30) and USS  Utah  (BB-31).   Though mostly  identical,  Floridas design called for the construction  of a large, armored bridge which contained space for both directing the ship and fire control.   This proved successful and was utilized on later classes.   Conversely,  Utahs superstructure employed a traditional arrangement for these spaces.  The contract for building  Utah  went to New York Shipbuilding in Camden, NJ  and work commenced on March 9, 1909.   Building  continued over the next nine months and  the new dreadnought  slid down the ways on December 23, 1909, with Mary A. Spry, daughter of Utah  Governor William Spry, serving as sponsor.   Construction progressed over the next two  years and on August 31, 1911, Utah  enter commissioned with Captain William S. Benson in command. USS Utah (BB-31) - Early Career: Departing Philadelphia,  Utah  spent the fall conducting a shakedown cruise which included calls at Hampton Roads, Florida, Texas, Jamaica, and Cuba.   In March 1912, the battleship joined the Atlantic Fleet and commenced routine maneuvers and drills.   That summer,  Utah  embarked midshipmen from the US Naval Academy for a summer training cruise.   Operating off the New England coast, the battleship returned to Annapolis in late August.   Having completed this duty,  Utah  resumed peacetime training operations with the fleet.   These continued until late 1913 when it crossed the Atlantic and embarked on a goodwill tour of Europe and the Mediterranean. In early 1914, with tensions rising with Mexico, Utah  moved to the Gulf of Mexico.   On April 16, the battleship received orders to intercept the German steamer SS  Ypiranga  which contained an arms shipment for Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta.   Eluding American warships, the steamer reached Veracruz.   Arriving at  the port,  Utah,  Florida, and additional warships  landed seamen and Marines on April 21 and, after a sharp battle, began the US occupation of Veracruz.   After remaining in Mexican waters for the next two months,  Utah  departed for New York where it entered the yard for an overhaul.   This complete, it rejoined the Atlantic Fleet and spent the next two years in its normal training cycle. USS Utah (BB-31) - World War I: With the US entry into World War I in April 1917, Utah  moved to the Chesapeake Bay where it spent the next sixteen months training engineers and gunners for the fleet.   In August 1918, the battleship received orders for Ireland and departed for Bantry Bay with Vice Admiral Henry T. Mayo, Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet,  aboard.   Arriving,  Utah  became flagship  of Rear Admiral Thomas S. Rodgers Battleship Division 6.   For the final two months of the war, the battleship protected convoys in the Western Approaches with USS Nevada  (BB-36) and USS Oklahoma  (BB-37). In December,  Utah helped escort President Woodrow Wilson, aboard the liner SS  George Washington, to Brest, France as he traveled to the peace negotiations at Versailles. Returning to New York on Christmas Day,  Utah  remained there through January 1919 before resuming peacetime training with the Atlantic Fleet.   In July 1921, the battleship crossed the Atlantic and made port calls in Portugal and France.   Remaining abroad, it served as flagship of US Navys presence in Europe until October 1922.   Rejoining Battleship Division 6,  Utah took part in Fleet Problem III in early 1924 before embarking General John J. Pershing for a diplomatic tour of South America.   With the conclusion of this mission in March 1925, the battleship conducted a midshipman training cruise that summer before entering Boston Navy Yard for a significant modernization.   This saw its coal-fired boilers replaced with oil-fired ones, the trunking of its two funnels into one, and the removal of the aft cage mast.    USS Utah (BB-31) - Later Career: With the completion of the modernization in December 1925,  Utah  served with the Scouting Fleet.   On November 21, 1928, it again sailed for  sailing South America.   Reaching Montevideo, Uruguay,  Utah  brought on board President-elect Herbert Hoover.   After a brief call at Rio de Janeiro, the battleship returned Hoover home in early 1929.   The following year, the United States signed the London Naval Treaty.   A follow-on to the earlier Washington Naval Treaty, the agreement placed limits on the size of the signatories fleets.   Under the terms of the treaty,  Utah  underwent a conversion into an unarmed, radio-controlled target ship.   Replacing USS  Ã‚  (BB-29) in this role, it was re-designated AG-16.    Recommissioned  in April 1932,  Utah  shifted to San Pedro, CA in June.   Part of Training Force 1, the ship fulfilled its new role for the majority of the 1930s.   During this time, it also took part in Fleet Problem XVI as well as served as a training platform for anti-aircraft gunners.   Returning to the Atlantic in 1939,  Utah  participated in Fleet Problem XX in January and training with Submarine Squadron 6 later that fall.   Moving back to the Pacific the following year, it arrived at Pearl Harbor on August 1, 1940.   Over the next year it operated between Hawaii and the West Coast as well as served as a bombing target for aircraft from the carriers USS  Lexington  (CV-2), USS  Saratoga  (CV-3), and USS  Enterprise  (CV-6).    USS Utah (BB-31) - Loss at Pearl Harbor: Returning to Pearl Harbor in the fall of 1941, it was berthed off Ford Island on December 7 when the Japanese attacked.   Though the enemy focused their efforts on the ships moored along Battleship Row,  Utah  took a torpedo hit at 8:01 AM.   This was followed by a second which caused the ship to list to port.   During this time, Chief Watertender Peter Tomich remained below decks to ensure that key machinery continued to operate which allowed  the majority of the crew to evacuate.   For his actions, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor.   At 8:12 AM, Utah  rolled to port and capsized.   Immediately thereafter, its commander, Commander Solomon Isquith, could hear trapped crewmen banging on the hull. Securing torches, he attempted to cut as many men free as possible. In the attack,  Utah  suffered 64 killed.   Following the successful righting of  Oklahoma, attempts  were made to salvage the old ship.   These proved unsuccessful and efforts were abandoned as Utah  had no military value.   Formally decommissioned on September 5, 1944, the battleship was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register two months later.   The wreck remains in place at Pearl Harbor and is considered a war grave.   In 1972, a memorial was constructed to recognize  the sacrifice of  Utahs crew. Selected Sources: DANFS: USS  Utah  (BB-31)NHHC: USS  Utah  (BB-31)MaritimeQuest: USS  Utah  (BB-31)

Healthcare Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Healthcare Marketing - Essay Example This paper outlines the marketing plan of Adalp Insurance Medical Agencies. This paper analyzes the target market of the agency, and the products that the agency offers. This paper gives out the SWOT analysis of the organization, but in different sections. This paper will also identify the marketing and financial goals of the organization, and how the organization intends to achieve these goals. This plan will also give out the methods in which the organization needs to follow for purposes of ensuring that it fully implements its marketing strategy. Introduction: Health care marketing is a new strategy in public health that uses the traditional principles of marketing, as well as the science based strategies of marketing for purposes of preventing diseases, and promoting health. It is through health care marketing that various advances in medicine are made known to the public. It is also through health care marketing that the public gets to know the various medical services that an i nstitution offers, such as health care insurance and circumcision services. This is a health care marketing plan for Adalp Insurance Medical Agency. The company offers medical insurance services to the poor, and mostly patients who are admitted into the hospital. The diseases that the insurance policy of the company covers are all manner of chronic diseases. This includes diabetes and cancer. Market Analysis: This section provides information on the organizational and product overview of Adalp Insurance Agency. This section explains the various insurance policies that the agency offers. It also identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the agency. This section also explains in detail the target market for the Insurance agency. This section also explains the target market for the insurance agency. The target markets for the services of the insurance agency are the poor and the rich. i. Organization and Product Overview. The company offers insurance policies on all manner of chronic diseases, and this includes diabetes, all types of cancer and HIV AIDS. There are two main types of insurance policies that the organization offers, and they include the high end insurance policy, and the low end insurance policy. The high end insurance policy has two sections. The first section covers children, while the second section covers adults. This policy covers all manner of chronic diseases, and it is very expensive, since it offers specialized treatment. The second type of policy that the agency offers is the low end insurance policy. This policy only offers insurance medical cover to certain chronic diseases, such as diabetes. It does not cover the treatment of cancer, and it is only available to adults. In order to offer these services in an efficient and effective manner, Adalp Insurance Company liaises with the following public hospitals, Cleveland clinic, National Institute of Health, Mayo clinic, and John Hopkins institute of health. In case of a health issue, the a gency would pay the down payment for the treatment of its customers to these institutions. The agency will also carter for all the accommodation costs of its customers, in case they are not able to easily access these medical institutions. ii. Organizational strengths and weaknesses. One of the major strengths of Adalp Medical Insurance agency lies on its diverse workforce, and products. The company has Asians, African American and Caucasians working in it. On this basis, they are able to

I need to paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I need to paraphrase - Essay Example re cash flow, then the value of the asst is determined by discounting the future cash flows properly through taking into account the total of all the cash flows. d) The value of bonds is determined by the discounted value of the Principal and all the coupon payments and this is done through the use of discount rate. For instance, a ten year value bond that has a value of 10 % will yield value of 1000 or par. g) It can be observed that annual payment of 10 year bond is more risky compared to a similar bond of one year since the value is derived from cash flows that are closer to the current date and vice versa in case of the first one. Slight changes in the yield mean big changes in the discounted far away cash flow values. This results in more fluctuation of the 10 year bond. h) When discount rate (yield) is used to discount the future cash flows, it is assumed that the same return on the investment as the discount rate would be obtained. As commonly known, the discount rate or the current expected return constantly fluctuates depending on the market situation which means that the expected return might not be obtained. This type of risk is referred to as reinvestment risk. i) When there are semiannual payments, the number of periods used also increases. When there is a 10 year semiannual coupon bond with rate of 10% coupon while the current nominal rate is pegged at 13%, the value of the bond would be USD 834.72. j) If a 10 year bond with coupon of 10% as well prevailing interest rate of 10%, between an annual coupon bond and semiannual is bought, the semiannual one is bought while the cash flows are received more quickly. In such a scenario, both coupon rates and current interest rates are the same where there is no price difference. In the event that the coupon rate is different from the nominal rate, a difference is found. For instance, if the current nominal rate is 8%, the annual coupon bond will then be valued at USD 1134.20 while the semiannual is

Essay on Process Improvement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Process Improvement - Essay Example Following a lengthy process, the recruitment process conducted by TS takes too long resulting in some interested candidates getting taken away by other companies. Within the framework of the company itself, some employees appear very dissatisfied with the services rendered by the company. The level of input appear to be dwindling among the employees of Talent Seek, reaching levels of failing to cooperate with the newly appointed manager of the Business Analysis and Improvement team. Objectives of the improvement process The purposes of performing a process improvement include identifying the processes that require improvement, analyzing the identified processes, and finally implementing the desired changes aimed at improving the processes. The processes reviewed for improvement ought to present a surmountable impact on the customer satisfaction or competitive advantage. While numerous reasons exist, for implementing process improvement, the case of Talent Seek would mainly aim at imp roving customer satisfaction with the services offered. The improvement of customer satisfaction, required by the company, remains reducing the time taken to complete requested recruitments. This duration appears to cause some qualified candidates to lose interest in the employment opportunities offered. Reducing the duration, therefore, remains essential to the overall improvement of the process and ensuring the recruitment of the best candidates within the specified job market. The improvements Disconnects could be defined as elements that appear to inhibit the efficient and proper functioning of a process (Rummler, 1996). They form the basis upon which improvements should target, as handling disconnects improves the entire process. Proper handling of the prevalent disconnects remains essential in ensuring improvement of the entire process. Within the TS recruitment process, majority of the delays result from processes considered protocol within the company. Majority of these â₠¬Ëœprotocol’ stages could be eliminated in order to quicken the process, hence improvement of the operations. In the preparation stages of the process, the client-end managers could be handed the task of determining terms and conditions for the various vacancies. This would efficiently cut the consultation period utilized when the TS team determines the terms, and the client-end managers have to counter-check before the process can proceed. A cost effective method for implementing such changes would be charging for the services of drawing conditions and terms. Companies willing to have conditions determined by TS would pay for the service, effectively; the TS Company would cater for the remunerations of the individuals performing the job through these payments, while making a profit. Within the recruitment process, TS could limit the duties performed by the recruitment panelists. The roles of the panelists could be reduced to only conducting the vis-a-vis interviews. The aspe ct of having the panelists’ review the applications could be done away with as it only consumes time. Since panelists must be sourced once applications have been received, the roles played by these individuals need to remain minimized to reduce the duration. The role of the panelist in the actual recruitment ought to remain limited to conducting the interview, on the specified period. Being expatriates, retaining panelists for long periods could prove costly to the recruiting company. In managing the costs

The History Of The Transformational Leadership Education Essay

The History Of The Transformational Leadership Education Essay Theories of leadership, over decades have explored a wide variety of concepts. Much research has been undertaken keeping in mind the western society both relating to organizations as well as political and other leaders. There is a dearth of a systematic leadership study in regards to either organizations or political leadership in third world countries especially in Pakistan. Journalistic appraisals are commonly done but theoretical analysis is sorely missing. Also, not much work has been done to explore the concept of transformational leadership among politicians both here and abroad. This paper wishes in some way to minimize this lack. When reading about Bhuttos life, the easiest course of action would have been to view her from the perspective of traits or simply charisma. The paper explores the contemporary concept of transformational leadership with regards to Benazir Bhutto. Her assassination formed the motivational factor to conduct such a research particularly on a personalit y known nationally and internationally as a leader. In addition, quantitative small scale researches are usually conducted from time to time, but very little attention is given to qualitative/descriptive/documentary research. Four aspects of transformational leadership that were studied include idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Keywords: Transformational leadership, there are 4 main factors: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration. 1. Introduction Leadership is not easy. It is never meant to be easy. It is born of a passion, and it is a commitment-a commitment to an idea, to principles, to fundamental human values. Benazir Bhutto 2. Transformational leadership: An overview The term though coined by Downton (1973), the concept first emerged with the work of Burns (1978) which linked the role between leadership and followership. This new theory of leadership had intensive interest for two reasons. Western companies, like ATT, IBM, GM, ventured into transformations and in the 1970s and 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s the business world became very much dynamic, more competitive and less stable. Fast technological changes, great international competition, commercial deregulation, too much capacity in capital intensive industries, unsteadiness of oil cartels, demographic labour changes etc., are some of the factors which brought to such a state (Stoner and Freeman, 1992). Second, leaderships theoretic base rested on the trait theory, behaviouristic theory of leaders and contingency theory of leadership which did not take into consideration untypical qualities of leaders which required a new leadership concept. Therefore the transformational theory of leadership gave forth a new dimension to leadership studies. Burns (1978) concept distinguished between two types of leadership, namely transactional and transformational. Transactional refers to the exchanges between leaders and followers, where as transformational is when the person engages with others and creates a connection which raises level of motivation in both the leader and the follower. Some of the examples of internationally known transformational leaders include Mahatma Ghandi, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King. One question that comes to mind is about leaders like Hitler who also transformed society? Can they also be called Transformational leaders? When people transform society in negative ways and do not raise level of morality in others, they are described as Pseudo transformational leaders. They are self consumed, power oriented and exploitative with warped moral values. There has been some research done on political leadership but the focus of these studies have usually been on just one aspect namely charisma (Bligh, Kohles and Meindl 2004 a&b; Emrich, Brower, Feldman and Garland, 2001; Mio, Riggio Levin and Reese, 2005; Seyranian and Bligh, 2007) and especially keeping in mind high profile leaders such as United States presidents (House, Spangler and Woycke, 1991). Most of such research has a quantitative analysis where the analysis may not overlook creative insights but also due to its frequent usage it is made to be more meaningful and most often words can be taken out of context. (Bligh et al., 2004b; Insch et al., 1997; Morris, 1994) 3. Transformational leadership of Bhutto This research on Bhutto will be assessed on four parameters of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration which have been summed up as stated earlier. Each quality will first be individually analyzed and then compared to what journalists and others have stated on Bhuttos behalf. 3.1 Idealized influence According to this concept transformational leaders often serve as role models for their followers. The leaders are admired respected and trustedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦having extraordinary capabilities, persistence and determination (Bass and Riggio, 2006). Not only this, but leadership theory should also stress on incidents where a leader has exerted exceptional influence on their followers so as to obtain favourable results (Bass, 1985; Mumford, 2006). This concept of idealized influence is based on leadership that has a future oriented vision and provides meaning and direction to a particular cause (Bass, 1990; Shamir, House and Arthur, 1993). Recent research also gives emphasis on ideological leadership where leaders seek followers who believe in the goals and value systems that give emphasis on the prescriptive mental model being given (Mumford, 2006). A current research which examines three areas of leadership has ideological factor as one of the main components (Mumford, Antes, Caughro n Friedrich, 2008). Thus, keeping all these factors in mind the assessment of Bhutto as having idealized influence on her followers has been undertaken. 3.2 Inspirational motivation According to this concept transformational leaders motivate and inspire those around them by providing meaning and challenge to their followers work. (Bass and Riggio, 2006) Such leaders envisage a future goal, a shared vision which they want their followers to share and achieve with them. Apart from this, such leaders portray great charisma which allows them to bind their followers to themselves and lead them towards social change. This concept of charismatic leadership is also not a new but a much researched one. It is one of the way in which one can understand an aspect of effective leadership (Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy, 2003). As previously stated the concept was initially used by Weber (1947) to understand and describe the characteristics political religious and military leaders. Later the concept was expanded by others to give and different conceptualization of charismatic leadership (House, 1977; Sashkin,1988; Shamir, House and Arthur 1993) and also became a part of transform ational leadership in the theories of Bass and Avolio.(1994) Concept of charismatic leadership which becomes a part of the motivational factor has been studied. The concept of visionary charismatic leadership is very important especially in times of crises as indicated in the study of Hunt, Boal and Dodge (1999). Two further aspects came to the forefront with on the one hand followers prefer leaders who portray charisma in conditions of crises (Pillai and Meindl, 1998) and followers attributing self sacrificial behaviour of the leader under crisis conditions who were more likely to portray charisma (Halverson, Holladay, Kazama,and Quinoes (2004). Such studies portray the fact that stressful conditions do affect both the leader and the follower in how they are inspired and view charisma. Another aspect of inspirational motivation is to deal with how such leader appeal to their followers. Emotions of people are appealed to and self worth is enhanced (Emrich, Brower, Feldman and Garland, 2001; House, Spangler and Woyke, 1991) Bhuttos inspirational motivation can be analyzed into two areas, namely to motivate and empower others on a shared vision and her charisma. On the count of motivating others, many authors have given glowing tributes. Gordon Brown (2008) calls it a part of her legacy that women are empoweredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and would use her for future role models; Miliband (2008) and Schofield (2008) describe her commitment towards democracy as a motivating factor; Lamb (2008) recalls her spouse Zardari calling his wife the queen bee whose workers needed her alive to continue their struggle; Gopal (2008) realizes that Bhutto did inspire a generation both in life and in death to struggle for democracy; Prasannarajan (2008) states that despite threats she never shrank from her responsibility, took up challenges and made personal sacrifices for her vision and that such motivation is rarely seen; Baker (2008) sees the signing of the charter of democracy between two political opponents namely Bhutto and Sh arif as a factor to restore decent politics and cjoining hands on a common denominator; Chua-Eoan (2008) despite critical comments concedes that Bhutto both in life and death drew millions. remember her party official Babar Awan calling her beautiful that day, in all the ways that a woman like her -bright energetic bursting with ideas and hope-could look beautiful. Such charisma denotes why Bhutto had many staunch supporters. 3.3 Intellectual stimulation Such transformational leaders stimulate their followers efforts to be innovative and creative. Followers are encouraged to try out new ideas and such ideas are viewed in the light that a better solution to the problem may be realized. Followers are not criticized if their ideas are in any way different from the ideas of the leader (Bass and Riggio, 2006). This concept has been explained differently and in various contexts. Some call it as a quality of a pragmatic leader. Such a leader does require their workers to unite and work for common goals (Mumford and Van Doorn, 2001). In a recent study Mumford et al (2008) realized that for the emergence of pragmatic leaders there has to be a minimum level of group cohesion. Apart from this, the same study also indicated that pragmatic leaders may seek to minimize political conflict due to the detrimental effects of intense conflict on the effective application of complex problem solving skills. This factor is an important aspect of intellect ual stimulation as such a quality can harness together differing viewpoints and opinions even from the opposition. Emotionally intelligent leadership is also an attribute of great leadership (Goleman, 1995) Practical intelligence and the need to modify any environment to suit the situation is also what transformational leaders need to do. Another aspect of intellectual stimulation can be accessed through the lens of aesthetic perception. This recent qualitative study by Ladkin (2008), embodies and focuses on leading beautifully and will lead to a different direction for leadership studies in the future. Followers can get stimulated in a wide variety of ways. The power to arouse ones followers intellectually can have lasting effects. An example of it would be Obamas books being published before the election campaigns. 3.4 Individualized Consideration Once again transformational leaders pay attention to followers needs for achievement and growth by acting as a coach and mentor. New ways and opportunities of learning are evolved and individual desires and needs are seen to. The individual is regarded as a whole person rather than just an employee, and the task of the leader is to develop the followers. (Bass and Riggio, 2006) This aspect is seen under two areas. The first one is her immense kindness to others and her concern for them. Schofield (2008) speaks of her 33 year association with Bhutto and states that as a friend, she was kind and generous. Barak (2008) recalls his own incident of injury and her kindness to him which must have endeared her to people the world over. In a similar manner, Thapar (2008) too remembers Bhutto giving regular calls when his own wife was seriously ill. Lamb (2008) too speaks of Bhuttos hand written will which she had written prior to her death as how to dispose of her belongings with details of how even her shoes and clothes should be distributed among her employees.

The Importance of Trotsky, Lenin and Stalin to the Communist Dictatorsh

Trotsky, Lenin and Stalin were all important in bringing the Communist Dictatorship in Russia from 1917 - 1939. All three of them wouldn't be able to make progresses without each other. The basement or a trigger to communism in Russia was Lenin as he was the organizer. He has been studying Marxism and Socialism for many years and in the result he has brought the October Revolution in 1917 to Russia. In addition Lenin has written many books in order to spread the idea of communism. As he was the organizer of this revolution and the person who led the Bolshevik take over of Russia in 1917 he became the first leader of Russia in communist regime. Later on he introduced 'Cheka' and other forms of oppression to maintain his control. Then introducing War Communism, he ensured everyone worked for a Bolshevik victory in a Civil War. After the victory of communism in the Russian Revolution (1917), a Third, or Communist, International was created (1919). Under the leadership of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, this Communist International, or Comintern, hoped to foster world revolution in order to promote Communism around the world and to get more allies. Lenin was thinking wisely as he has introduced NEP in order to improve production and life in the USSR, restoring the order and increasing prosperity after the chaos of Revolution, Civil War and War Communism. NEP simply allowed economic recovery and by 1928 industrial and food production levels were about the same as in 1914, and some people grew. However even to realize to all of the stated achievements Lenin made, he needed Trotsky's help. Trotsky was Lenin's right-hand-man and it can be sai... ...nist regime, because he didn't even think of any plans how to improve industry or production, increase prosperity. Lenin was only bothered with people's psychology, he only made people to support communism. However communism couldn't have been supported if famine didn't stop, so the Communism could fall quickly. It isn't wise as well to say that Lenin and Stalin were more important that Trotsky just for the reason that they were the leaders of the Soviet Union and Trotsky wasn't. Trotsky has played an important part as well. If he didn't organize Red Army, the Reds wouldn't be able to win even Civil war and the Communism could fall. All three of them were important in bringing about the communism in Russia in 1917 - 1939. All three of them were dependant on each other and wouldn't be able to survive without each other.

Effect of imperialism on the Rwandan genocide Essay

There is a lot of history in a small country like Rwanda. The original inhabitants were the ethnic Twa. By the 10th century, Hutu farmers were established there. Tutsi warriors with cattle arrived after the 14th century. Tutsi formed a monarchy by the 16th century. All tribes shared a common language and culture, and there were no race issues until the 20th century. (4) Germany was the first European country to colonize Rwanda in 1899, administering it indirectly through the existing king. Belgium took control in 1916, during World War I. Belgium received it as a League of Nations mandate in 1919 and continued indirect rule but restructured the system to increase ethnic divisions. (4) The Belgians favored the Tutsi over the Hutu and Twa, which was a big mistake that caused huge problems in the future and lots of racism. (5) In 1946 Rwanda became a UN trust territory administered by Belgium. (5) Pressure rose during the 1950s as Hutu protested against Tutsi for rights and voting. Violence spread quickly after the Hutu sub-chief was attacked by the Tutsi. Many Tutsis died or fled to neighboring countries. Belgian troops intervened and set up a policy reversal, with a Hutu-led government. (4) With democratization going through Africa, monarchy was abolished in 1961 and Rwanda gained complete independence in 1962, as two countries, Rwanda and Burundi. (5) Tutsi exiles continued attacks on Hutu throughout the 60s. The First Republic, led by Hutu, ended with a 1973 rebellion coordinated by the Hutu Minister of Defense, Juvenal Habyarimana. Tutsi revels in Uganda formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, or the RPF, and invaded Rwanda in 1990. The conflict ended in 1993 with a power-sharing agreement treaty. But the peace was broken again when Habyarimana’s plane was shot down in April 1994. (5) Know one knew whether it was Hutus that shot down the plane, but they were accused nonetheless. â€Å"Hutu politicians opposed to the late president Juvenal Habyarimana were targeted in the first few days after the plane crash, which has yet to be satisfactorily explained. But now the killings seem to be directed purely against Tutsis,† according to Hilsum. (1) This was the end  of the Second Republic and the beginning of a 100-day well-organized genocidal rampage. Hundreds of thousands fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire (now the Congo). The RPF fought back and took control on July 4, 1994. Thousands fled from the RPF advance and many died from disease and unsanitary conditions. In 1996 Hutu refugees became targets of Tutsi violence, and Hutu soldiers attacked the Tutsi. Rwanda sent militia to defeat the Zairian troops helping the Hutus. Most refugees were sent back to Rwanda, but some remained to launch guerilla attacks in northwestern Rwanda. (4) Courts were set up for 124,000 people for crimes during the genocide. The first Hutu president was elected in 2000 when the old president resigned. Trials are still going on today, charging people with war crimes during the genocide. Because of the great scars of Rwanda’s history in the last century, Rwanda today has a very weak economy and is very undeveloped industrially. The products are mostly agricultural, and most of the population are subsistence farmers. The main crops consist of coffee and tea. Also grown are bananas, beans, cassava, cattle, pyrethrum, sorghum, and sweet potatoes. The only mining resources are tin and wolframite. A lack of fertile soil limits agricultural expansion. (4) Rwanda only trades with Uganda because of bad relations with other countries. This makes trade very expensive there because of this. (5) Christianity was introduced in Rwanda by missionaries in the early 20th century. Today 65% are Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1% Muslim, and 25% follow indigenous beliefs. Ethnic tribes are still mostly Hutu and Tutsi, which are now peaceful. 90% are Hutu, most of the rest are Tutsi, and only 1% are Twa. The official languages spoken in Rwanda are English, French, and Kinyarwanda, a Bantu language. (4,5) Independence Day is celebrated on July 1. The government consists of the President and Transitional National Assembly of 70 seats. Local elections establish councils responsible for local disputes, minor crime, tax collection, and salaries for teachers and doctors. The country is very crowded and there is lots of disease. (5) Most of the problems in Rwanda in the last century were caused by imperialism. The genocide in Rwanda affected its neighboring countries as well, and thousands of Hutus and Tutsis were also killed in Burundi by similar problems there. The incredible amount of racism and hate in the very heart of Africa was sparked by the colonial structure enforced by Germany and then Belgium. According to Dowden, the Tutsi, making up only about 10% of the population, â€Å"were a kind of feudal cattle-owning aristocracy who lorded it over the Hutu peasants.† Belgians gave the Tutsis a big advantage in education, leading them to have professional jobs. (2) Before the Europeans came there was peace in Africa. But after greedy 19th century European politicians occupied the African continent, enslaving or abusing its people, ethnic conflicts broke out all over Africa, followed by a century of bloodshed. The conflicts and the current problems in Africa could have been prevented if imperialism wouldn’t have existed. There would not have been a genocide during which hundreds of thousands of innocent people were slaughtered over a period of 100 days. According to LaFraniere, â€Å"The Rwanda genocide is considered the worst ethnic killing since the Holocaust. In 100 days, an estimated one in 10 Tutsi in Rwanda were wiped out, along with many moderates among the Hutu, who make up the majority of the population. The efficiency of the killers, who chased down the Tutsi at roadblocks and in the streets with sharpened sticks, nail-studded clubs and grenades, surpassed that of the Nazis, some historians contend.† (3) The financial crisis in Rwanda and the suffering of its people today could have been prevented if it wasn’t for so much hate and carelessness of imperialistic European nations in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Bibliography 1. Hilsum, Lindsey. â€Å"Men mad with killing drown nation in blood†. The Independent. 1 May 1994. 2. Dowden, Richard. â€Å"A wound at the heart of Africa†. The Independent. 11 May 1994. 3. LaFraniere, Sharon. â€Å"3 convicted of genocide in Rwanda Media chiefs guilty of inciting massacre of Tutsi in 1994†. International Herald Tribune. 4 Dec. 2003. 4. World Book Encyclopedia 2003. Vol. 16. 5. Culture Grams 2004.

Despite big-name billing, The Sixth Sense is a riveting thriller Essays

Despite big-name billing, The Sixth Sense is a riveting thriller Essays Despite big-name billing, The Sixth Sense is a riveting thriller Essay Despite big-name billing, The Sixth Sense is a riveting thriller Essay The big name in The Sixth Sense is Bruce Willis, who gives a strong but subtle performance. But the real star is the films writer/director M. Night Shyamalan. Remember the name of this 29-year-old Philadelphia filmmaker because he is a major talent with a vision and voice as remarkable as a young Spielbergs. Also pay attention to 11-year-old Haley Joel Osment, Willis co-star. You probably dont remember him as Forrest Junior in Forrest Gump, but youll never forget him after The Sixth Sense. The movie deals with child psychologist Malcolm Crowe (Willis) who, after receiving a prestigious award for his work with children, is brutally accosted by one of his failures (Donnie Wahlberg). A year later, Malcolm tries to atone for his earlier mistake by taking the case of a young boy named Cole Sear (Osment), whose unvoiced fears have driven him away from everyone, including his mother (Toni Collette of Muriels Wedding). His commitment to the boy, however, further alienates Malcolm from his wife Anna (Olivia Williams) who feels that Malcolm has all but abandoned her. And the fact that she is wooed by one of her co-workers doesnt help the domestic situation. When Cole finally reveals his secret to Malcom, the psychologist is ready to concede that the boy is beyond his help, delusional and paranoid to the extreme. Cole thinks that he sees dead people all the time, everywhere. They are the ones, he claims, who are responsible for the cuts and bruises on his body, not his mother (as the emergency room physician suspects). At first skeptical, Malcolm soon has reason to believe the boy. When Cole begs him for help with the ghosts (Make them go away!), Malcolm responds quite sincerely, Im working on it. It would be absolutely criminal to reveal anything more about the plot, and you should avoid friends who have seen the movie and want to tell you about it. Suffice it to say that The Sixth Sense is genuinely creepy, heart-warming and utterly surprising the best American film of the summer. A major Internet source remarked how the film seemed to come out of nowhere, with little pre-release publicity despite the presence of Willis. Thats all for the good since too much hype, with which we have been inundated this season (The Phantom Menace, The Blair Witch Project), cant help but dull almost any films reception. Whoever was responsible for keeping The Sixth Sense under wraps probably guessed that a movie this good only needs word-of-mouth to get its audiences. Its unclear whether Bruce Willis got his $20 million standard fee, but hes worth it in The Sixth Sense for the marquee value of his name alone, which will draw people to the movie who might otherwise have passed it up. Even more to his credit, Willis gives a superb performance in a very different kind of role than action fans might expect. Everything the macho star does in The Sixth Sense is restrained and convincing. Willis has always been a good actor with considerable range, whatever his detractors might claim. This movie should effectively silence his naysayers. Everyone else is also quite good, especially young Osment, who conveys his characters tortured anxiety with aching conviction. Collette, nearly unrecognizable from her Muriel role, plays the boys mother like a real parent, not a movie mother. Her frustration, her fear and her love are all palpable. Ultimately, however, The Sixth Sense is a triumph for its writer/director, Indian-born M. Night Shyamalan. Last year in Wide Awake, the filmmaker explored another facet of childhood fears, as its diminutive hero sought to determine the existence of God after the death of his grandfather. Though his last film wore sentiment on its sleeve, Shyamalan nevertheless coaxed wonderful performances from his child performers as well as from Rosie ODonnell, who played a frisky but kind nun. The Sixth Sense is both darker and more mature, even though it incorporates elements of horror and the supernatural. A few scenes in this movie will scare the bejeezus out of you, others will touch your heart. Again, like early Spielberg, who was equally wonderful with children and other worlds, Shyamalan spins an engrossing tale of terror, love and redemption. Most directors would have given their eyeteeth for Shyamalans screenplay, but its doubtful any of them could have directed it so well.

Windows eXPloit - Open Sockets essays

Windows eXPloit - Open Sockets essays Microsoft is a major computing corporation that has been creating software for personal and professional computers. Their most infamous software is Windows and just recently, Microsoft released their newest software titled Windows XP. Many people have been talking about Windows XP because of its many advanced features, but over half of the consumers who bought the software do not know how flawed and how dangerous the software is. Because of the infamous Windows program, many have come to trust Microsoft and feel that any program that Microsoft puts out must be top of the line software programming. The fact is that Windows XP Home Edition has many security flaws within its settings (DDoS 1). Although it is the premier software to have in an average persons computer, Windows XP Home Edition should not have been set as the standard for computer operating systems because of its lack of personal security and its exploitable features which in turn would lead to the destruction of the Internet. Since the dawn of Windows 95, Microsoft won the hard drives of many personal computers. Windows then became the best software to have in any computer because of its myriad of features and its awesome compatibility with other software. A group of fine scripters found Windows to be an amazing program, but not because of its eye-boggling features. This group consists of the makers of cyber crime: hackers. These hackers coded many malicious computer viruses that wreaked havoc in hundreds of thousands of computers. Now with the arrival of Windows XP, hackers have found a new toy to destroy. Windows XP Home Edition is loaded with features, but one feature stands out from the rest. This feature is the support of raw sockets (Hostile Code 1). One can consider sockets as holes to let computer data through using the Internet, but standard sockets are limited to a certain level of passage that will not intrude into ...

Monetary Policy for Global Financial Crisis Assignment

Monetary Policy for Global Financial Crisis - Assignment Example The world’s drastic encounter with the Global Financial Crisis saw the demise of many financial institutions which later translated to the proclamation for steady measures to sustain many of the world’s economies. The disaster translated to a down turn in many stock markets, intrinsic topple of economies alongside a decline in all aspects of money dependent sectors of the world as a whole. The cause in the occurrence of the event was the decline in value in prime property and translating into monetary liquidity problems in the United States’ banking sector (Bordo & Michael, 2008, 17). A trace of the financial crisis takes us back to the end of 2007, when many of the securities held by banks in the United States devalued, perpetually leading to the same for the banking sectors all over the world. Background Information Characteristic of the crisis was the liquidity of banks in rendering services to their customers as their solvency had been vastly affected; leadin g to a very low capability to lend to customers and investors could therefore not be in a position to accomplish prospected development. The global financial crisis of 2008 was labeled the worst financial disaster since 1930’s Great Depression. It led to many adverse effects worldwide, even to the individuals who suffered mainly evictions from rental houses and evictions from mortgaged houses. Banks in the United States alone lost over a trillion dollars from dealing with toxic assets, many suffering closure and others having to lend from larger banks. The unexpected decline in the value of the world’s assets hit many banking institutions with a big bang, while many who had extended mortgages and other monetary loans could not sustain themselves with the low levels of liquidity which they encountered. The perpetual increase in the spread of the effects of the financial crisis saw other countries experiencing difficulties in sustaining their economies, much specifically those that committed much of their economy’s dominance in the western countries such as India and China. The drastic effects on the general macroeconomics of all the world’s effects of the global financial crisis obliged major monetary policy developments in economies, in an effort to protect their growth from dropping as well as the protect the individual from suffering the effects of the same. Governments had to strategize responses to protect themselves as well as device long term strategies to ensure the same does not happen to them (Gali, 2008, 165). Monetary Policies: Monetary Aggregate The purpose of the monetary aggregate policy is to increase the amount of physical money in circulation. It works towards increasing the amounts in the public so that enough of it is circulating. The effect of having a lot of circulating money is defined in many ways and it requires great scrutiny from economists. The quantity theory of money is a clear definition of the effects of applying the money aggregate monetary policy (Kenneth, R., 1985, 1175). In essence, fighting a financial crisis seeks to maximize the amount of money that is in circulation. According to the quantity theory

Overpopulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Overpopulation - Essay Example The most rapid population growth has occurred during the past 300 years. Overpopulated countries like Africa, Asia & America increases its crime, epidemics and workforces. Overpopulation can be defined in several ways. One way is in terms in carrying capacity. Other way to define overpopulation is in terms critical factors. Critical impacts such as malnutrition, lack of food supply, unemployment, lack of education, destruction of ecosystem, poverty, lack of housing & uncontrollable diseases indicate that there is overpopulation, regardless of the carrying capacity of ecosystem. The third way is population size and resource use to their environmental consequences (Addison,1994). The world is over populated if the environment is damaged by factors like pollution and habitat destruction on large scale. "One cause that affect the amount of food produced is because the amount of land available for growing crops".(Persell, 1990). Due to overpopulation the supply for food is affected. For example in a irrigation area, extensive irrigation may deplete underground water supply more rapidly than they replenish. In the long run, overusing those areas may cause them to dry up and also become unfit for farming. And because of this it does not seem to offer an easy solution to the problems of world food production. . Food is not the only resource that determines carrying capacity in the ecosystem. (Manongdo,2003). B. Housing Problems "Inadequate housing is not just one of a lack of housing, it also a problem of unaffordable housing."(Kerbo,1989). Due to overpopulation, many people are homeless. According to (Newsweek, March 23,1981) 30,000 people were homeless in LA in 1984. During the high employment many people were seen sleeping in the street because they can't afford to buy homes. C. Human Behavior Human behavior of overpopulated area believed that is harmful to humans. The extensive daily contact with strangers, due to overcrowding can affect the behavior of a human. According to (Kerbo,1989) "The lack of strong social - were believed to cause many problems such as mental, illness and crime". With this kind of environment certainly has a higher crime rate but seems due to the often found poverty and many children without adequate support. D. Lack on water supply because freshwater have been polluted and there's inadequate water treatment facilities. Overpopulated country suffers from different diseases such as tuberculosis, parasites diseases and leprosy. And almost 75% of this came from the water that they are using. Commonly polluted water causes death to thousands of children all over the world. Diseases contribute to poor heath conditions in many parts of the world. Diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis are becoming common again, even though effective medical treatments once made them rare. E. Destruction of nature. Because of this problem many people especially children

Copywriting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Copywriting - Essay Example Advertising in all its forms adds much to the quality of the product and the result of its production. Different mediums also make special demands as to the form and content of the advertising copy. In the following survey three kinds of advertising materials will be observed. All of them belong to the same company, producing online, shareware and CD games for PC, PDA and smartphones. These materials are as follows: a newsletter with the advertising of a new game, a printed advertisement of a new CD released and a banner as the sample of online advertising.It is necessary to observe the main tips that a copywriter needs to observe while writing this or that kind of material. The first item to be examined is a newsletter that is delivered to the user by mail. The main points that are to be considered mostly concern the form of the future writing. The heading should be informative and brief. It should contain the information that would grab a customer's attention and make him read furt her. (Hallahan) The best of all would be to indicate the benefit which would be available for the customer with the help of the product advertised.Of course, creativeness and figurativeness are welcome, as they add emotional element. Surely, headline may also implement other idea – it may be intriguing, but not obscure, or it may contain some underlying theme, but this should be clear enough to be understood by any customer.(Hallahan) The newsletter we observe starts with the headline "Bubble Obsession marches into battle". It may seem unclear and senseless at first sight, but some clarification will be helpful. This newsletter is delivered to the existing clients of the company, not to the potential customers to engage them to buy a new version of an old product, a "Bubble Shooter" game, so they know what it is going about and they are getting informed that the following text will tell them about new features of an old product. In case this text is seen by a person who didn' t see the previous release, he is likely to be intrigued and to proceed reading. The other guideline advices to enumerate the most outstanding features of the product, and put them as a list of be clear and brief points, like, for instance the point "user profiles with photos of each player" in the letter we observe. The only one remark that can be referred to the point is that it is more preferable to describe a feature from the point of view of the benefit the customer would gain, rather than the feature of the product. (Hallahan) So, the point cited from the letter is to sound like "you may now create and save your profile with photo". As far as the body is concerned, it should be divided into several passages, each of them describing the features that are listed above. Here is the sample passage: "Your whole family is sure to get involved into endless hours of playing. Due to the possibility of creating player profiles, everyone's game and settings are saved separately. Here you may create your profile with the photo, your own one or one of those included into the game." The other necessary point to be followed refers to the style of the writing. It should be written in short sentences, with easy words. Active voice and present tense are also preferable. Of course, it is necessary to watch punctuation and grammar. (Hallahan) Those requirements are fulfilled in the writing: "Flexible 3D graphical effects make the game really live and breathing. You may adjust the effects fully to your taste and computer." The second copy to be examined is printed advertising. Printed ad should contain headline, subtitle, body, signature, mandatory, illustration. Subtitle elaborates the headline, giving more information, signature contains the name or logo of the company, mandatory includes terms and conditions and illustration may contain graphics. (Marcus) This copy contains all of these elements. Here is the example of the subtitle: "Our company wishes you and your families Merry Christmas and Happy holidays! We present to you our Christmas gift -

South Street Seaport Essay Example for Free

South Street Seaport Essay 1. Coffee Beans are crushed into small pieces, water is added to it and the mixture is heated over a flame. What do you think would happen to the coffee beans as it interacts with the water? Explain your prediction I think the heating of the water and coffee beans would cause the water to turn a light brown color because this process is most likely removing some kind of excess substance from the surface of the coffee beans. This happens because of the rising temperature o the mixture being heated over a flame. 2. What would happen to the water if instead of coffee beans, strips o seaweed were used? Explain your prediction. I think that instead of the liquid turning a light brown color, it would turn to a light green or light yellow color because the heating is removing a different substance off of the surface of the seaweed than it is from the surface of the coffee beans. 3. Define the following terms: Decant to draw off (a liquid) without disturbing the sediment or the lower liquid layers Filtrate fluid that has passed through a filter Extract the part of a complex organic material that is soluble in ether and consists chiefly of fats and fatty acids Precipitate a substance separated from a solution or suspension by chemical or physical change usually as an insoluble amorphous or crystalline solid Tincture a solution of a medicinal substance in an alcoholic solvent Observations : Equipment : Dried Seaweed in  ½ pieces (Laminara Kelp)Bunsen Burner 150 ml beakerMedium Ring for Ringstand Weight scaleMatches Distilled waterWire gauze 50 ml cylinderEvaporating dish FunnelFilter Paper RingstandWash Bottle Glass stirring rodTincture of Iodine Mineral OilSilver Nitrate Iodine CrystalsSmall Test tubes The first thing we had to do was fill a 150 ml beaker with 6 grams of dried seaweed, which we had to approximate on a weight scale. The amount of seaweed we used approximated 6.02 grams. Then, we included some distilled water and stirred the mixture with a stirring rod until the water turned a dirty yellow color. We then poured out only the water from the beaker and refilled it with distilled water. Then, we had to set up the Bunsen burner to a smaller flame to heat the mixture gently. While heating, the water in the mixture turned a dark green. We heated the mixture for approximately 5 minutes. Then, we had to filtrate the mixture. We placed a piece of filter paper onto the inside of the funnel, having it stick to the side by squirting some water from the wash bottle. We set this up over an evaporating dish, in which the filtrate is supposed to fall into. Our filtrate came out to be 3ml, and the color was a pale yellow-green. We put this into a 50 ml beaker and placed three pieces of iodine crystals in. We crushed these crystals in with the mixture with a stirring rod. Then, it was time to test the results. In three test tubes, we poured in one third of our home-made mixture in each test tube. In another three test tubes, we poured in the standard Tincture of Iodine, which contains iodine, iodide ion, and triiodide ion. To test for iodine, we placed 20 drops of mineral oil in one of the test tubes of standard tincture and we also placed 20 drops into our homemade tincture. If there is in fact iodine, the mixture should change into a pink or purple color. To test for iodide ion, we placed 20 drops of 0.1 silver nitrate into the standard tincture and 20 drops of 0.1 silver nitrate into our homemade tincture. If there is in fact iodide ion, the mixture should become a very foggy pale yellow color. The test for triiodide was a visual inspection. In minutes, if the mixture will turn into a brown color, then triiodide exists in the mixture. Tabulated Results : Test for .. Standard Tincture of Iodine Homemade Tincture Iodine Positive Positive Iodide ion Positive Positive Triiodide Positive Poisitive Focus Questions 1. How can I make a pharmaceutical product from seaweed? We can produce a pharmaceutical product from seaweed by creating a mixture with seaweed in water, heating the extract from the mixture of seaweed and water, then finally extracting the product from the water. 2. Can a single substance be isolated from a mixture (i.e. seaweed)? What is that substance? Yes, by the process o extraction, filtration, and evaporation. The substance is tincture of iodide, used to clean and infect wounds. Confidence Report I am confident that the data collected in this lab is â€Å"good data†. This was quite a simple lab with not many steps and no complex material samples and few containers required. Because this lab was not very complex, that means there is a very low possibility of mistakes. It also means there is a very low possibility of outside elements affecting the equipment. Samples: We believe that the samples provided by the laboratory such as the seaweed, iodine, silver nitrate, and mineral oil were clean and untouched. We observed the characteristics of the mixture we prepared and observed through testing and concurred that nothing indicated that bad samples were provided. Our testing samples also provided us proper chemical interactions. Measurements: All measurements were made certain by everyone in the group. This helped to ensure accuracy. Observations: Since we also tested control substances along with testing our mixture, we were able to observe what the proper results should look like. Therefore, there should be no mistakes from the observations from testing our homemade mixture. After reviewing  at the possible potential areas for error, I am confident that we had good data and produced good results.

Impact of e-commerce

Impact of e-commerce E-commerce is the process of managing online financial transactions by individuals and companies. This includes business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G) transactions. The focus of e-commerce is on the systems and procedures whereby financial documents and information of all types are exchanged. This includes online credit card transactions, e-cash, e-billing, e-cheques, electronic invoices, purchase order and financial statements. E-commerce is particularly concerned with the technologies that enable EDI-type functionality on the Internet. To be done an internationally agreed working definition of e-commerce it was accepted the need for three dimensions to be spelt out as part of the definition process. These dimensions relate to the: Networks over which the relevant activities are carried out; Processes that ought to be included within the general domain of electronic commerce; and Actors involved in the transactions. Networks are specified through broad and narrow definitions. The broad definition considers an electronic transaction to be the sale or purchase of goods or services, whether between businesses, households, individuals, Governments, and other public or private organizations, conducted over computer mediated networks. The goods and services are ordered over those networks, but the payment and the ultimate delivery of the good or service may be conducted on- or offline. The narrow definition considers an Internet transaction to be the sale or purchase of goods or services, whether between businesses, households, individuals, Governments, and other public or private organizations, conducted over the Internet. The goods and services are ordered over the Internet, but the payment and the ultimate delivery of the good or service may be conducted on-or offline. Concerning the processes that ought to be included many countries want to restrict the definition to the purchasing and selling aspect incorporated in the above definitions, many others want to include other types of business processes, such as marketing and advertising. Developing countries will also favour a definition that includes business activities that go beyond purchasing and selling, given the restrictions that some of those countries face in conducting online payments. E-commerce is often described as being one of three varieties business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C) or business-to-government (B2G). Much of the interest and the literature has focused on B2B and B2C electronic commerce and most of the statistical indicators have also been in respect of these two forms. About 80 per cent of the total value of electronic commerce in the world today are accounted for by B2B e-commerce. It provides also the greatest potential benefits in terms of productivity gains. B2C e-commerce has the potential to substantially affect the way in which people live and interact with each other and is therefore a key aspect for statistical measurement. Only a small number of countries have so far undertaken much work with respect to the measurement of B2G e-commerce. E-commerce today is very much a business-to business affair. Enterprises in developing countries should not let themselves be fooled by the much higher visibility of the business-to-consumer dotcoms. Those enterprises in developing countries that make goods or deliver services that are necessary for the productive process of other enterprises are the ones that should first consider incorporating the Internet (which does not necessary mean the web) as an instrument to enhance their opportunities to complete and grow. Due to the lack of reliable and internationally comparable e-commerce statistics, numerous national statistical offices have started to collect data on e-commerce and, generally, the use of ICT and the Internet. They have the advantage of guaranteeing the confidentiality of the collected data, having a more neutral position when it comes to collecting and interpreting the data and being able to use their existing methodologies and infrastructure for data collection, processing and analysis. Some countries are already benefiting from the results: they are now in a position to benchmark their economies with competitors internationally; they are able to identify the number of qualified people needed to advance their countrys information economy or to calculate the amount of investments needed to provide business with access to the Internet. There are several important steps involved in collecting e-commerce-related data. First, a country needs to decide what kind of data it wants to measure, reflecting the level of its e-commerce activity. Most developing countries would be probably focus on collecting readiness indicators, such as the number of businesses with computers and access to the Internet, and intensity indicators, such as the number of businesses the receive orders over the Internet and the value of those orders. But how does one define these indicators? The member States of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have agreed on the above-mentioned working definition of e-commerce that could be used in the measuring process. The definition includes the network over which e-commerce is carried out (Internet or other), the specific business processes related to e-commerce and the different actors involved (business, households or Governments). On the basis of this definition, a set of priority indicators for e-commerce has been established by a number of internationa l and national bodies. Examining the e-commerce important question is what impact ICT and the Internet have had on the productivity growth. It reduces transaction costs; allocates recourses better; increases economies of scale; improves the competitiveness of business in general; increases efficiency; generates important changes in the management and production processes of business. Acceleration of the growth of productivity is notified but the reason for this is rather controversial. However the UNCTAD secretariat agrees that there are reasons to believe that much of the acceleration of productivity growth is structural and attributable to changes induced by ICT and the Internet, through improvements in all aspects of corporate organization, production, finance, marketing and logistics. Although the speed at which companies in several advanced countries invest in ICT has decreased in the past few months, in the medium term there are several reasons to expect that ICT will continue to support rapid productivity growth. First, the cost of computing power is predicted to keep falling at a steep rate for several years. Secondly, most enterprises are still learning how to reorganize themselves in order to benefit fully from the Internet. Finally, in many countries there is a lot of catching up to do in the application of ICT to business. As firms in other developed economies and, most importantly, in developing countries engage in e-business, global productivity growth should accelerate. We should have a look at the process of moving from traditional to online payment. Online versions of nearly all-existing payment methods are appearing rapidly. Conventional financial instruments with online analogues include cash, money orders, giro transfer, cheques, drafts, notes and bills of exchange. The existing modes of third-party protection against the risks of non-payment and non-performance, including documentary credit, credit insurance, bonding, factoring and forfeiting, are also rapidly developing their online equivalents. The same applies to wholesale payment systems, including so-called automated clearing house (ACH) networks, wire transfers for large-volume payments and interbank payments networks. Credit and debit cards are principal payments instrument in B2B and B2C e-commerce. The move from cards with magnetic strips to smart cards with multifunctional chips that include security features is the next Internet-centered stage in the development of the payments cards industry. In parallel, Internet technologies to provide security in online payments have been evolving. Still the most widely accepted standard, is the Secure Socket Layer (SSL), a set of built-in browser protocols designed initially by Netscape to protect card-based financial transactions on the Internet. A more secure and complex bank-centered Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) software is being used more and more by online payments providers. In the field of Internet banking ACH debits and credits, as well as domestic and international wire transfers became possible with systems such as the Bank Internet Payment System (BIPS). The Society for Worldwide Inter-Bank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) also started its move to the open Internet platform. Banks and financial services companies in the developing countries will need to adopt online payment systems and practices that will meet their clients new needs arising from a shift to e-commerce. They will need to adopt systems that address the key issue of concern to users, namely security, confidentiality, identification of sellers and buyers, verification of buyers solvency guarantee of delivery. To obtain e-trade finance and equity investment, companies from developing countries need to be registered in local, regional and global Internet-based commercial risk database. For that, company registries, public courts, accountancy and audit, and other business-related services should undergo substantial enhancements. Non-bank financial services such as credit information, credit insurance, factoring and leasing should develop. Local banks should adapt to e-banking and move online their customer credit risk databases, and their individual and corporate customer payment services and financing, including trade finance instruments. Tourism and its Internet incarnation, often called etourism, is regularly cited as one of the fastest growing e-commerce sectors. Considering the importance of the tourism economy for Bulgaria and many other developing countries, and in particular its role as an employer and earner of foreign currency, the need to maintain and increase competitiveness through adopting e-commerce best practice is acute. The main actors in the tourism industry include Governments, tour operators, distributors and wholesalers, hotels, airlines and other transport operators, and most important of all, the tourists themselves. Each of these actors has a stake in the development of the electronic market and will be affected in different ways by electronic commerce. Tourism is an interesting sector for appreciating the potential of electronic commerce for the economies of developing countries in several respects. Tourism is a sector in which a significant number of developing countries have established competitive advantages over the years and it has remained largely a traditional service activity in which, until recently, buyers, sellers and intermediaries were well defined. Tourism producers and destination organizations in developing countries that adopt the Internet and e-commerce best practice have a chance to improve their competitiveness by producing better products, with greater tailoring to clients, more efficiently, faster to market with less waste and fewer inputs, and at better prices. Infomediaries in developing countries should develop their e-business strategy having in mind the technical capacities of their national or regional tourism producers for using Internet technologies. Solutions must be appropriate for both consumers and producers. The fundamental challenge is to take the traditional tourism product, delineate its information from its physical components, and selectively manage them using Internet and e-commerce technologies. The winner in the competitive etourism game will be the company that inspires consumer confidence, through quality data and physical product performance, and is able to offer a comprehensive yet tailor-made product. While Internet and e-commerce technologies offer unprecedented possibilities for interactivity and dialogue, traditional surveying and gauging tools estimating customer preferences and satisfaction are still very relevant. Footwork and face-to-face interviewing may be a necessary starting point for building a B2B network or business web. Market research, whatever the technology or even without technology, is a hugely important activity. A fundamental factor for success is to speak the language of the prospective customers. A successful etourism strategy must assess the linguistic origins of its major client groups and replicate Internet content in their languages. Understanding their Internet habits and ways of learning, openness to on-line dialogue and attitudes towards privacy, as well as the underlying legal system. Online payment facilities for retail clients using credit cards are an absolutely fundamental business toll that must be made available to the national tourism sector. Destination marketing organizations (DMOs), be they government bodies or business associations, can favourably contribute to modernizing the tourism industries of developing countries. DMOs can provide a voice to the fragmented industry producers in promoting their requests to the financial authorities and banks to provide them with online payment. When online payment is in place DMOs may, on behalf of the entire tourism industry, negotiate with domestic banks better terms and conditions for online payment than particular tourism companies would manage on their own. DMOs may be instrumental in informing their tourism industry about secure transactions and risk management techniques. Most of the above actions cannot be implemented without empowering and enabling people to take advantage of new Internet and e-commerce technologies. E-commerce and Internet technology can improve communication and can make doing business easier. The ability of people at both ends of the message or transaction to use these technologies is a precondition for their wide adoption and impact. In conclusion, it is expected that in the few years the productivity gap between the European countries and the United States (leader in e-commerce activities) will close rapidly as European productivity growth increases faster than that of the United States. This process is known as convergence in productivity. Convergence in productivity takes place when the countries that lag behind the technological frontier grow more rapidly in productivity than the leading countries. The same could be true for developing countries, with a reasonable degree of readiness. The impact of e-commerce on developing countries could be even stronger than that on developed countries because the scope for reducing inefficiencies and increasing productivity is much larger in the developing countries. To summarize, by cutting costs, increasing efficiency and reducing time and distance, e-commerce could become an important tool for development. Impact of E-Commerce Impact of E-Commerce Jay Kybert   As the retail industry develops, more services are introduced to entice customers to use their shops. There are varieties of services that are being used by companies to attract attention and make it easier for customers to use their websites, in the hope of increased revenue. Services like Next-Day Delivery tempt customers to purchase their item sooner, since it will arrive the following day. This makes increased profits for the company by charging for the service. These services essentially persuade the customer to buy the product at a higher price but with (usually) a faster delivery, tracked item, etc. Since E-Commerce is becoming increasingly popular, traditional retail businesses are losing money since fewer customers shop in stores. Larger companies have the resources and money to create optimised websites that allow their customers to shop on the internet. This leads to a negative economic impact for smaller businesses but, as an entire society, a richer economy as there are new ways to shop. Also, socially, fewer people will be shopping in stores. This could lead to retail shops closing from a lack of revenue, especially in smaller businesses that cannot support themselves with a lack of funds. Bricks and Clicks is a new approach to commerce in its entirety. The name Bricks and Clicks refers to physical retail stores (Bricks) and online shopping (Clicks). As E-Commerce grew in popularity, businesses realised they can make a greater profit from online shopping; this is called Bricks and Clicks because they have both physical stores as well as an online store. There are benefits and drawbacks to both approaches (Physical vs Digital), but having both increases the range of the potential audience. This is because physical stores may attract people who are simply walking past the shop or people who are regular customers. Having a digital store on top of this targets (potentially) every person with an internet connection. Companies can increase traffic to their website by advertisements on popular websites, directly increasing awareness of the brand. One of the main benefits for customers using E-Commerce is the availability. Physically shopping requires going to the nearest shopping centre, looking for the specific shop and finding the wanted item within it. Online shopping provides an easy alternative available whenever. Being able to access the website whenever (unless it is down for maintenance) makes it easier for anyone wanting to buy a specific item, as they dont have to consider the closing time for the shop. In addition, people who have unusual work hours at their job may struggle with physical stores as they close in the evening. Therefore, having the option to buy from a store whenever using the internet provides an easier alternative. Online shopping isnt perfect; there are problems with the financial side, especially whether companies can be trusted. After a customer enters their information (Name, address, credit/debit card, etc.) the company has a responsibility to protect that information from unauthorised sources, the most common being hackers. There is always the possibility, and it has occurred, that major corporations have been hacked and their customers information has been released to the public or sold. However, as hacking becomes increasingly common, internet security is improved to prevent it. Internet shoppers shouldnt just worry about the website being untrustworthy, malware and other viruses could steal the information from the computer, the most common being a Keylogger. As the name suggests, it is either a physical hardware component installed into the computer or a program that logs all of the keystrokes on the computer. This is one way that information can be stolen not directly from the websit e. E-Commerce has, and will continue, to have an effect on employment. If people start to only shop online, store workers may lose their jobs because of financial difficulties. However, delivery services will have to hire more employees to keep up with the demand of online shopping. In addition, since companies require websites for online shopping, website developers, network administrators and a variety of server-related jobs are needed. Therefore, people working in retail stores may lose their jobs if people continue to isolate themselves from physical shopping and choose online shopping. However, more job opportunities open up relating to technology. The social divide is becoming more important as technology progresses. People with little income focus on essentials before purchasing luxuries. Therefore, it would be difficult for people with little income to purchase a computer or another electronic device capable of online shopping. However, since the majority of people can afford, and use their electronic devices for shopping, companies target these people since they make up the majority. This affects the companys decisions, for instance, they may begin to close down retail stores and instead focus on E-Commerce. This doesnt affect people who have enough disposable income to purchases these devices, but it does affect people with little income. This leads to these people struggling to shop, since they cant afford the platform needed for online shopping. Therefore, leading to a social divide between people with little disposable income and people with greater disposable income.